压力

压力（stress），即应激，是一种情绪紧张与受压迫的感觉，也是机体在某种环境刺激作用下，由于客观要求和应付能力不平衡所产生的一种适应环境的紧张反应状态。

压力是一种心理性疼痛（psychological pain）。少量的心理压力可能是有益的，可提高人的警觉水平，从而应付各种环境变化的挑战；例如它可以提高运动表现、动机和对环境的反应。然而，过度的心理压力有害于人体的身心健康；例如会增加中风、心脏病发作、溃疡和精神疾病（如抑郁症）的风险，也会使原有疾病恶化。

APA Dictionary

心理学大辞典

张氏心理学辞典

stress

the physiological or psychological response to internal or external stressors. Stress involves changes affecting nearly every system of the body, influencing how people feel and behave. For example, it may be manifested by palpitations, sweating, dry mouth, shortness of breath, fidgeting, accelerated speech, augmentation of negative emotions (if already being experienced), and longer duration of stress fatigue. Severe stress is manifested by the general adaptation syndrome. By causing these mind–body changes, stress contributes directly to psychological and physiological disorder and disease and affects mental and physical health, reducing quality of life. See also chronic stress. [first described in the context of psychology around 1940 by Hungarian-born Canadian endocrinologist Hans Selye (1907–1982)]

press

in the personology of Henry Alexander Murray, an environmental stimulus, such as a person or situation, that arouses a need. Examples are the birth of a sibling, parental discord, feelings of social inferiority, or the sight of food when hungry. See need–press theory.

stress

即“应激”。

press

默里人格理论的基本概念。激起获得或躲避某种需求的外部条件。其作用是增强动机水平。是行为的潜在诱发者，但不同于一般刺激，并非简单地引发某种即时的具体反应，其影响先于外显行为反应而感受到。具有方向性，由客体、情境中事件提供推向或拒斥力量。默里区分出α压力和β压力、积极压力和消极压力。

指个体生理或心理上感受到威助时的一种精神状态。此种紧张状态，使人在情绪上产生不愉快甚至痛苦的感受。压力的来源可能是由于动机挫折，可能是由于面临失败的威胁，也可能是由于内心的冲突。压力有时具有示警的功能，可使人面对压力的来源而设法排除之。