应激

应激（stress）是人和大多数动物面对外界生存压力时普遍存在的一种应对机制，能调节个体的生理、心理功能及行为表现。

APA Dictionary

心理学辞典

the physiological or psychological response to internal or external stressors. Stress involves changes affecting nearly every system of the body, influencing how people feel and behave. For example, it may be manifested by palpitations, sweating, dry mouth, shortness of breath, fidgeting, accelerated speech, augmentation of negative emotions (if already being experienced), and longer duration of stress fatigue. Severe stress is manifested by the general adaptation syndrome. By causing these mind–body changes, stress contributes directly to psychological and physiological disorder and disease and affects mental and physical health, reducing quality of life. See also chronic stress. [first described in the context of psychology around 1940 by Hungarian-born Canadian endocrinologist Hans Selye (1907–1982)]

亦称“应激反应”。机体在各种内外环境因素及社会、心理因素刺激下出现的全身性非特异性适应反应。包括生理反应和心理反应两大类。生理反应表现为交感神经兴奋、垂体和肾上腺皮质激素分泌增多、血糖升高、血压上升、心率加快和呼吸加速等：心理反应包括情绪反应和自我防御反应、应对反应等。最直接表现为精神紧张。是刺激物同个体自身的身心特性交互作用的结果，而不仅仅由刺激物引起，还与个体对应激源的认识、个体处理应激事件的经验有关。