诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主列表
诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主列表,是诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的得主列表。
诺贝尔生理学或医学奖于1901年首次颁发,得主是德国科学家埃米尔·阿道夫·冯·贝林。每一位获奖者都会得到一块奖牌,一份获奖证书,以及一笔不菲的奖金,奖金的数额每年会有变化[1]。例如,1901年,冯·贝林得到的奖金为150,782瑞典克朗,相当于2008年12月的7,731,004瑞典克朗;而2008年,哈拉尔德·楚尔·豪森、弗朗索瓦丝·巴尔-西诺西和吕克·蒙塔尼分享了总数为一千万瑞典克朗的奖金(略多于100万欧元,或140万美元)[2]。该奖于每年12月10日,即阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔逝世周年纪念日,以隆重的仪式在斯德哥尔摩颁发[3]。
诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主的研究领域分布相当广。截至2000年,有13名获奖者来自神经生物学领域,而有13名则在中间代谢研究中做出贡献。1939年的获奖者,德国人格哈德·多马克,被其政府禁止领奖。虽然后来他得到了奖牌和获奖证书,却没有得到奖金[4]。截至2024年,共有12位女性获得该奖项,人数仅次于17名的和平奖和14名的文学奖,是女性得主第三多的诺贝尔奖项,她们是格蒂·科里(1947年)、罗莎琳·萨斯曼·耶洛(1977年)、巴巴拉·麦克林托克(1983年)、丽塔·列维-蒙塔尔奇尼(1986年)、格特鲁德·B·埃利恩(1988年)、克里斯汀·纽斯林-沃尔哈德(1995年)、琳达·巴克(2004年)、弗朗索瓦丝·巴尔-西诺西(2008年)、伊丽莎白·布莱克本(2009年)、卡罗尔·格雷德(2009年)、迈-布里特·莫泽(2014年)和屠呦呦(2015年)[5]。截至2020年,共有222人获得过诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。该奖有9年因故停发(1915-1918年、1921年、1925年、1940-1942年),[6],有5年延迟一年颁发(1914年、1922年、1926年、1938年、1943年)。
20世纪获奖者
1901年至1950年
年份 | 获奖者模板:Ref | 国籍模板:Ref | 获奖原因模板:Ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1901年 | 文件:Emil von Behring sitzend.jpg | 埃米尔·阿道夫·冯·贝林 | 模板:Flag | “对血清疗法的研究,特别是在治疗白喉应用上的贡献,由此开辟了医学领域研究的新途径,也因此使得医生手中有了对抗疾病和死亡的有力武器” "for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[7] |
1902年 | 文件:Ronald Ross.jpg | 罗纳德·罗斯 | 模板:GBR | “在疟疾研究上的工作,由此显示了疟疾如何进入生物体,也因此为成功地研究这一疾病以及对抗这一疾病的方法奠定了基础” "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"[8] |
1903年 | 文件:Niels finsen.jpg | 尼尔斯·吕贝里·芬森 | 模板:DEN | “在用集中的光辐射治疗疾病,特别是寻常狼疮方面的贡献,由此开辟了医学研究的新途径” "[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[9]|} |
1904年 | 文件:Ivan Pavlov (Nobel).png | 伊万·巴甫洛夫 | 模板:Flag | “在消化的生理学研究上的工作,这一主题的重要方面的知识由此被转化和扩增” "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"[10] |
1905年 | 文件:RobertKoch cropped.jpg | 罗伯·柯霍 | 模板:Flag | “对结核病的相关研究和发现” "for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"[11] |
1906年 | 文件:Camillo Golgi nobel.jpg | 卡米洛·高尔基 | 模板:KIT | “在神经系统结构研究上的工作” "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"[12] |
文件:Cajal-Restored.jpg | 圣地亚哥·拉蒙-卡哈尔 | 模板:SPA | ||
1907年 | 文件:AlphonseLaveran.jpg | 夏尔·路易·阿方斯·拉韦朗 | 模板:FRA | “对原生动物在致病中的作用的研究” "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"[13] |
1908年 | 文件:Ilya Mechnikov nobel.jpg | 埃黎耶·埃黎赫·梅契尼可夫 | 模板:RUS | “在免疫性研究上的工作” "in recognition of their work on immunity"[14] |
文件:Paul Ehrlich 1915.jpg | 保罗·埃尔利希 | 模板:Flag | ||
1909年 | 文件:Emil Theodor Kocher nobel.jpg | 埃米尔·特奥多尔·科赫尔 | 模板:SUI | “对甲状腺的生理学、病理学以及外科学上的研究” "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"[15] |
1910年 | 文件:Kossel, Albrecht (1853-1927).jpg | 阿尔布雷希特·科塞尔 | 模板:Flag | “通过对包括细胞核物质在内的蛋白质的研究,为了解细胞化学做出的贡献” "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"[16] |
1911年 | 文件:Allvar Gullstrand.jpg | 阿尔瓦·古尔斯特兰德 | 模板:SWE | “在眼睛屈光学研究上的工作” "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"[17] |
1912年 | 文件:Alexis Carrel 02.jpg | 亚历克西·卡雷尔 | 模板:FRA | “在血管结构以及血管和器官移植研究上的工作” "[for] his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"[18] |
1913年 | 文件:Charles Robert Richet 5.jpg | 夏尔·罗贝尔·里歇 | 模板:FRA | “在过敏反应研究上的工作” "[for] his work on anaphylaxis"[19] |
1914年 | 文件:Robert Barany.jpg | 罗伯特·巴拉尼 | 模板:Flag | “在前庭器官的生理学与病理学研究上的工作” "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[20] |
1915年 | 未颁奖 | |||
1916年 | ||||
1917年 | ||||
1918年 | ||||
1919年 | 文件:Jules Bordet nobel.jpg | 朱尔·博尔代 | 模板:BEL | “免疫性方面的发现” "for his discoveries relating to immunity"[21] |
1920年 | 文件:August Krogh Bain 32006.jpg | 奥古斯特·克罗 | 模板:DEN | “发现毛细血管运动的调节机理” "for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"[22] |
1921年 | 未颁奖 | |||
1922年 | 文件:Archibald Vivian Hill.jpg | 阿奇博尔德·希尔 | 模板:GBR | “在肌肉产生热量上的发现” "for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"[23] |
文件:Otto Fritz Meyerhof.jpg | 奥托·迈尔霍夫 | 模板:Flag | “发现肌肉中氧的消耗和乳酸代谢之间的固定关系” "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"[23] | |
1923年 | 文件:Fredrick banting.jpg | 弗雷德里克·格兰特·班廷 | 模板:Flag | “发现胰岛素” "for the discovery of insulin"[24] |
文件:J.J.R. Macleod ca. 1928.png | 约翰·麦克劳德 | 模板:Flag | ||
1924年 | 文件:Willem Einthoven.jpg | 威廉·埃因托芬 | 模板:HOL | “发明心电图装置” "for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"[25] |
1925年 | 未颁奖 | |||
1926年 | 文件:J Fibiger.jpg | 约翰尼斯·菲比格 | 模板:DEN | “发现鼠癌” "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"[26] |
1927年 | 文件:Julius Wagner-Jauregg.jpg | 朱利叶斯·瓦格纳-尧雷格 | 模板:AUT | “发现在治疗麻痹性痴呆过程中疟疾接种疗法的治疗价值” "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"[27] |
1928年 | 文件:Jules Nicole.jpg | 查尔斯·尼柯尔 | 模板:FRA | “在斑疹伤寒研究上的工作” "for his work on typhus"[28] |
1929年 | 文件:Eijkman.jpg | 克里斯蒂安·艾克曼 | 模板:HOL | “发现抗神经炎的维生素” "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"[29] |
文件:Frederick Gowland Hopkins nobel.jpg | 弗雷德里克·霍普金斯爵士 | 模板:GBR | “发现刺激生长的维生素” "for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamin"[29] | |
1930年 | 文件:Karl Landsteiner (1868–1943) © Albert Hilscher OeNB 1074462.jpg | 卡尔·兰德施泰纳 | 模板:AUT | “发现人类的血型” "for his discovery of human blood groups"[30] |
1931年 | 文件:Otto Warburg.jpg | 奥托·海因里希·瓦尔堡 | 模板:Flag | “发现呼吸酶的性质和作用方式” "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[31] |
1932年 | 文件:Charles Scott Sherrington1.jpg | 查尔斯·斯科特·谢灵顿爵士 | 模板:GBR | “发现神经元的相关功能” "for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"[32] |
文件:Edgar Douglas Adrian nobel.jpg | 埃德加·阿德里安 | 模板:GBR | ||
1933年 | 文件:Thomas Hunt Morgan.jpg | 托马斯·亨特·摩尔根 | 模板:Flag | “发现遗传中染色体所起的作用” "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"[33] |
1934年 | 文件:George Whipple nobel.jpg | 乔治·惠普尔 | 模板:Flag | “发现贫血的肝脏治疗法”
"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[34] |
文件:George Minot nobel.jpg | 乔治·迈诺特 | 模板:Flag | ||
文件:William P Murphy.jpg | 威廉·莫菲 | 模板:Flag | ||
1935年 | 文件:Hans Spemann nobel.jpg | 汉斯·斯佩曼 | 模板:Flag | “发现胚胎发育的组织者(在胚胎发育起中心作用的胚胎区域)效应”
"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[35] |
1936年 | 文件:Henry Dale nobel.jpg | 亨利·哈利特·戴尔爵士 | 模板:GBR | “神经冲动的化学传递的相关发现” "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[36] |
文件:Otto Loewi nobel.jpg | 奥托·勒维 | 模板:AUT | ||
1937年 | 文件:Albert Szent-Györgyi cropped.jpg | 圣捷尔吉·阿尔伯特 | 模板:Flag | “与生物燃烧过程有关的发现,特别是关于维生素C和延胡索酸的催化作用” "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"[37] |
1938年 | 文件:Corneille Heymans nobel.jpg | 柯奈尔·海门斯 | 模板:BEL | “发现窦和主动脉机制在呼吸调节中所起的作用” "for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"[38] |
1939年 | 文件:Gerhard Domagk nobel.jpg | 格哈德·多马克 | 模板:Flag | “发现百浪多息(一种磺胺类药物)的抗菌效果” "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"[39] |
1940年 | 未颁奖 | |||
1941年 | ||||
1942年 | ||||
1943年 | 文件:Henrik Dam nobel.jpg | 亨利克·达姆 | 模板:DEN | “发现维生素K” "for his discovery of vitamin K"[40] |
文件:Edward A Doisy.jpg | 爱德华·阿德尔伯特·多伊西 | 模板:Flag | “发现维生素K的化学性质” "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"[40] | |
1944年 | 文件:Joseph Erlanger nobel.jpg | 约瑟夫·厄尔兰格 | 模板:Flag | “发现单神经纤维的高度分化功能” "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[41] |
文件:Herbert Spencer Gasser nobel.jpg | 赫伯特·斯潘塞·加塞 | 模板:Flag | ||
1945年 | 文件:Alexander Fleming 1945.jpg | 亚历山大·弗莱明爵士 | 模板:GBR | “发现青霉素及其对各种传染病的疗效” "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[42] |
文件:Ernst Boris Chain 1945.jpg | 恩斯特·伯利斯·柴恩 | 模板:GBR | ||
文件:Howard Walter Florey 1945.jpg | 霍华德·弗洛里爵士 | 模板:AUS | ||
1946年 | 文件:Hermann Joseph Muller.jpg | 赫尔曼·约瑟夫·马勒 | 模板:Flag | “发现用X射线辐射的方法能够产生突变” "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"[43] |
1947年 | 文件:Carl Ferdinand Cori.jpg | 卡尔·费迪南德·科里 | 模板:Flag | “发现糖原的催化转化原因” "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[44] |
文件:Gerty Theresa Cori.jpg | 格蒂·特蕾莎·科里 | 模板:Flag | ||
文件:Bernado Houssay.JPG | 贝尔纳多·奥赛 | 模板:ARG | “发现脑下垂体前叶激素在糖代谢中的作用”
"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"[44] | |
1948年 | 文件:Paul Hermann Müller nobel.jpg | 保罗·赫尔曼·穆勒 | 模板:SUI | “发现DDT是一种高效杀死多类节肢动物的接触性毒药” "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"[45] |
1949年 | 文件:Walter Hess.jpg | 瓦尔特·鲁道夫·赫斯 | 模板:SUI | “发现间脑的功能性组织对内脏活动的调节功能” "for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"[46] |
文件:Moniz.jpg | 安东尼奥·埃加斯·莫尼斯 | 模板:POR | “发现前脑叶白质切除术对特定重性精神病患者的治疗效果” "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses"[46] | |
1950年 | 文件:Philip Showalter Hench.jpg | 菲利普·肖瓦特·亨奇 | 模板:Flag | “发现肾上腺皮质激素及其结构和生物效应” "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[47] |
文件:Edward Calvin Kendall nobel.jpg | 爱德华·卡尔文·肯德尔 | 模板:Flag | ||
文件:Thadeus Reichstein ETH-Bib Portr 10137.jpg | 塔德乌什·赖希施泰因 | 模板:SUI |
1951年至2000年
年份 | 获奖者模板:Ref | 国籍模板:Ref | 获奖原因模板:Ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1951年 | 文件:Max Theiler nobel.jpg | 马克斯·泰累尔 | 模板:Flag | “黄热病及其治疗方法上的发现” "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"[48] |
1952年 | 文件:Selman Waksman NYWTScrop.jpg | 赛尔曼·A·瓦克斯曼 | 模板:Flag | “发现链霉素,第一个有效对抗结核病的抗生素” "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"[49] |
1953年 | 文件:Hans Adolf Krebs.jpg | 汉斯·阿道夫·克雷布斯 | 模板:GBR | “发现柠檬酸循环” "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[50] |
文件:Portrait of Fritz Albert Lipmann (1899-1986), Biochemist (2551001689).jpg | 弗里茨·阿尔贝特·李普曼 | 模板:Flag | “发现辅酶A及其对中间代谢的重要性” "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"[50] | |
1954年 | 文件:Enders2.jpg | 约翰·富兰克林·恩德斯 | 模板:Flag | “发现脊髓灰质炎病毒在各种组织培养基中的生长能力” "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"[51] |
文件:Frederick C. Robbins 1954.jpg | 弗雷德里克·查普曼·罗宾斯 | 模板:Flag | ||
文件:Replace this image male.svg | 托马斯·哈克尔·韦勒 | 模板:Flag | ||
1955年 | 文件:Hugo Theorell nobel.jpg | 阿克塞尔·胡戈·特奥多尔·特奥雷尔 | 模板:SWE | “发现氧化酶的性质和作用方式” "for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"[52] |
1956年 | 文件:André Frédéric Cournand nobel.jpg | 安德烈·弗雷德里克·考南德 | 模板:Flag | “心脏导管术及其在循环系统的病理变化方面的发现”
"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"[53] |
文件:Werner Forssmann nobel.jpg | 沃纳·福斯曼 | 模板:Flag | ||
迪金森·伍德拉夫·理查德兹 | 模板:Flag | |||
1957年 | 文件:Daniel Bovet nobel.jpg | 达尼埃尔·博韦 | 模板:ITA | “发现抑制某些机体物质作用的合成化合物,特别是对血管系统和骨骼肌的作用” "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"[54] |
1958年 | 文件:Replace this image male.svg | 乔治·韦尔斯·比德尔 | 模板:Flag | “发现基因功能受到特定化学过程的调控” "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"[55] |
文件:Edward Lawrie Tatum.jpg | 爱德华·劳里·塔特姆 | 模板:Flag | ||
文件:Joshua Lederberg crop.jpg | 乔舒亚·莱德伯格 | 模板:Flag | “发现细菌遗传物质的基因重组和组织” "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"[55] | |
1959年 | 文件:Arthur Kornberg.jpg | 阿瑟·科恩伯格 | 模板:Flag | “发现核糖核酸和脱氧核糖核酸的生物合成机制” "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[56] |
文件:Severo Ochoa 1958b.jpg | 塞韦罗·奥乔亚 | 模板:Flag | ||
1960年 | 文件:Frank Macfarlane Burnet nobel.jpg | 弗兰克·麦克法兰·伯内特爵士 | 模板:AUS | “发现获得性免疫耐受” "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"[57] |
文件:Peter Brian Medawar.jpg | 彼得·梅达沃 | 模板:GBR | ||
1961年 | 文件:Georg von Békésy nobel.jpg | 盖欧尔格·冯·贝凯希 | 模板:USA | “发现耳蜗内刺激的物理机理” "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"[58] |
1962年 | 文件:Francis Crick crop.jpg | 佛朗西斯·克里克 | 模板:GBR | “发现核酸的分子结构及其对生物中信息传递的重要性” "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"[59] |
文件:JamesWatson.png | 詹姆斯·杜威·沃森 | 模板:USA | ||
文件:Maurice Wilkins nobel.jpg | 莫里斯·威尔金斯 | 模板:NZL 模板:GBR | ||
1963年 | 约翰·卡鲁·埃克尔斯爵士 | 模板:AUS | “发现在神经细胞膜的外围和中心部位与神经兴奋和抑制有关的离子机理”
"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"[60] | |
文件:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin nobel.jpg | 艾伦·劳埃德·霍奇金 | 模板:GBR | ||
文件:Andrew Fielding Huxley nobel.jpg | 安德鲁·赫胥黎 | 模板:GBR | ||
1964年 | 文件:Konrad Bloch.JPG | 康拉德·布洛赫 | 模板:USA | “发现胆固醇和脂肪酸的代谢机理和调控作用” "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"[61] |
文件:Feodor Lynen with pipette.jpg | 费奥多尔·吕嫩 | 模板:Flag | ||
1965年 | 文件:François Jacob nobel.jpg | 方斯华·贾克柏 | 模板:FRA | “在酶和病毒合成的遗传控制中的发现” "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"[62] |
文件:André Lwoff nobel.jpg | 安德烈·利沃夫 | 模板:FRA | ||
文件:John Ernest Walker.jpg | 贾克·莫诺 | 模板:FRA | ||
1966年 | 裴顿·劳斯 | 模板:USA | “发现诱导肿瘤的病毒” "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"[63] | |
文件:Replace this image male.svg | 查尔斯·布兰顿·哈金斯 | 模板:USA | “发现前列腺癌的激素疗法” "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"[63] | |
1967年 | 文件:Ragnar Granit2.jpg | 拉格纳·格拉尼特 | 模板:SWE | “发现眼睛的初级生理及化学视觉过程” "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[64] |
文件:HKHartline.png | 霍尔登·凯弗·哈特兰 | 模板:USA | ||
文件:George Wald 1987.jpg | 乔治·沃尔德 | 模板:USA | ||
1968年 | 文件:Portrait of Robert William Holley (1922-1993), Biochemist.jpg | 罗伯特·W·霍利 | 模板:USA | “破解遗传密码并阐释其在蛋白质合成中的作用” "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"[65] |
文件:Har Gobind Khorana.jpg | 哈尔·葛宾·科拉纳 | 模板:USA | ||
文件:Marshall Nirenberg 2003.jpg | 马歇尔·沃伦·尼伦伯格 | 模板:USA | ||
1969年 | 文件:Max Delbruck.jpg | 马克斯·德尔布吕克 | 模板:USA | “发现病毒的复制机理和遗传结构”
"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[66] |
文件:Alfred Hershey.jpg | 阿弗雷德·赫希 | 模板:USA | ||
文件:Salvador E. Luria ca.1969.jpg | 萨尔瓦多·卢瑞亚 | 模板:USA | ||
1970年 | 文件:Axelrod01.jpg | 朱利叶斯·阿克塞尔罗德 | 模板:USA | “发现神经末梢中的体液性传递物质及其贮存、释放和抑制机理” "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[67] |
文件:Ulf von Euler.jpg | 乌尔夫·冯·奥伊勒 | 模板:SWE | ||
文件:Sir Bernard Katz.jpg | 伯纳德·卡茨爵士 | 模板:GBR | ||
1971年 | 文件:Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.jpg | 埃鲁·威尔布尔·苏德兰 | 模板:USA | “发现激素的作用机理” "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"[68] |
1972年 | 文件:Professor Gerald M. Edelman.jpg | 杰拉尔德·埃德尔曼 | 模板:USA | “发现抗体的化学结构” "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[69] |
文件:Rodney Robert Porter.jpg | 罗德尼·罗伯特·波特 | 模板:GBR | ||
1973年 | 文件:Karl von Frisch - Atelier Veritas, c. 1926.jpg | 卡尔·冯·弗利 | 模板:Flag | “发现个体与社会性行为模式的组织和引发” "for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"[70] |
文件:Konrad Lorenz.JPG | 康拉德·洛伦兹 | 模板:AUT | ||
文件:Nikolaas Tinbergen 1978.jpg | 尼可拉斯·庭伯根 | 模板:GBR | ||
1974年 | 文件:Albert Claude 1974.jpg | 阿尔伯特·克劳德 | 模板:BEL | “细胞的结构和功能组织方面的发现” "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"[71] |
文件:Christian de Duve.tif | 克里斯汀·德·迪夫 | 模板:BEL | ||
文件:RO033-16.jpg | 乔治·埃米尔·帕拉德 | 模板:USA | ||
1975年 | 文件:DavidBaltimore2008.JPG | 戴维·巴尔的摩 | 模板:USA | “发现肿瘤病毒和细胞的遗传物质之间的相互作用” "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[72] |
文件:Renato Dulbecco crop.jpg | 罗纳托·杜尔贝科 | 模板:USA | ||
文件:Howard Martin Temin 1975.jpg | 霍华德·马丁·特明 | 模板:USA | ||
1976年 | 文件:Baruch Samuel Blumberg by Tom Trower (NASA).jpg | 巴鲁克·塞缪尔·布隆伯格 | 模板:USA | “发现传染病产生和传播的新机理” "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[73] |
文件:Daniel Carleton Gajdusek 2bw cropped.jpg | 丹尼尔·卡尔顿·盖杜谢克 | 模板:USA | ||
1977年 | 文件:Roger Guillemin.jpg | 罗歇·吉耶曼 | 模板:USA | “发现大脑分泌的肽类激素” "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"[74] |
文件:Schally portrait.jpg | 安德鲁·沙利 | 模板:USA | ||
文件:Rosalyn Yalow.jpg | 罗莎琳·萨斯曼·耶洛 | 模板:USA | “开发肽类激素的放射免疫分析法” "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[74] | |
1978年 | 文件:Werner Arber 2008.jpg | 沃纳·埃布尔 | 模板:SUI | “发现限制性内切酶及其在分子遗传学方面的应用” "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[75] |
丹尼尔·那森斯 | 模板:USA | |||
文件:Hamilton Smith.jpg | 汉弥尔顿·史密斯 | 模板:USA | ||
1979年 | 文件:Replace this image male.svg | 阿兰·麦克莱德·科马克 | 模板:USA | “开发计算机辅助的断层扫描技术” "for the development of computer assisted tomography"[76] |
文件:Godfrey Hounsfield (1996).jpg | 高弗雷·豪斯费尔德 | 模板:GBR | ||
1980年 | 文件:Baruj Benacerraf 1969.jpg | 巴茹·贝纳塞拉夫 | 模板:USA | “发现调节免疫反应的细胞表面受体的遗传结构” "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"[77] |
文件:Jean Dausset 1968.jpg | 让·多塞 | 模板:FRA | ||
文件:Replace this image male.svg | 乔治·斯内尔 | 模板:USA | ||
1981年 | 文件:Roger Wolcott Sperry.jpg | 罗杰·斯佩里 | 模板:USA | “发现大脑半球的功能性分工” "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"[78] |
文件:DHUBEL.jpg | 戴维·休伯尔 | 模板:USA | “发现视觉系统的信息加工” "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"[78] | |
文件:Torsten Wiesel-7Nov2006.jpg | 托斯坦·维厄瑟尔 | 模板:SWE | ||
1982年 | 文件:Sune Bergström 3.jpg | 苏恩·伯格斯特龙 | 模板:SWE | “发现前列腺素及其相关的生物活性物质” "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"[79] |
文件:Bengt Samuelsson.png | 本格特·萨米尔松 | 模板:SWE | ||
文件:John Robert Vane.jpg | 约翰·范恩 | 模板:GBR | ||
1983年 | 文件:Barbara McClintock (1902-1992).jpg | 巴巴拉·麦克林托克 | 模板:USA | “发现可移动的遗传元素” "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[80] |
1984年 | 文件:Niels Kaj Jerne 1950 crop.jpg | 尼尔斯·杰尼 | 模板:DEN | “关于免疫系统的发育和控制特异性的理论,以及发现单克隆抗体产生的原理” "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"[81] |
文件:Replace this image male.svg | 乔治斯·克勒 | 模板:Flag | ||
文件:Milstein lnp.jpg | 色萨·米尔斯坦 | 模板:ARG 模板:GBR | ||
1985年 | 文件:Mike Brown 2003.jpg | 麦可·布朗 | 模板:USA | “在胆固醇代谢的调控方面的发现” "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"[82] |
文件:Joe Goldstein.JPG | 约瑟夫·里欧纳德·戈尔茨坦 | 模板:USA | ||
1986年 | 文件:Stanley Cohen-Biochemist.jpg | 斯坦利·科恩 | 模板:USA | “发现生长因子” "for their discoveries of growth factors"[83] |
文件:Rita Levi Montalcini.jpg | 丽塔·列维-蒙塔尔奇尼 | 模板:ITA 模板:USA | ||
1987年 | 文件:Susumu Tonegawa Photo.jpg | 利根川进 | 模板:JAP | “发现抗体多样性产生的遗传学原理” "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"[84] |
1988年 | 文件:James Black (pharmacologist).jpg | 詹姆士·W·布拉克爵士 | 模板:GBR | “发现药物治疗的重要原理” "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[85] |
文件:Gertrude Elion.jpg | 格特鲁德·B·埃利恩 | 模板:USA | ||
文件:George H. Hitchings 1988.jpg | 乔治·希青斯 | 模板:USA | ||
1989年 | 文件:Nci-vol-8172-300 j michael bishop.jpg | 迈克尔·毕晓普 | 模板:USA | “发现逆转录病毒致癌基因的细胞来源” "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"[86] |
文件:HEVarmus.jpg | 哈罗德·瓦慕斯 | 模板:USA | ||
1990年 | 约瑟夫·默里 | 模板:USA | “发明应用于人类疾病治疗的器官和细胞移植术” "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"[87] | |
./Special:FilePath/Edward_Donnall_"Don"_Thomas.jpg | 唐纳尔·托马斯 | 模板:USA | ||
1991年 | 文件:Erwin neher 2007 lindau.jpg | 厄温·内尔 | 模板:GER | “发现细胞中单离子信道的功能” "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"[88] |
文件:Sakmann.jpg | 伯特·萨克曼 | 模板:GER | ||
1992年 | 文件:Edmond Fischer Nobel Laureate 1992.jpg | 埃德蒙·费希尔 | 模板:SUI 模板:USA |
“发现的可逆的蛋白质磷酸化作用是一种生物调节机制” "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"[89] |
文件:Replace this image male.svg | 埃德温·克雷布斯 | 模板:USA | ||
1993年 | 文件:Roberts, Richard John (1943).jpg | 理察·罗伯茨 | 模板:GBR | “发现断裂基因” "for their discoveries of split genes"[90] |
文件:Phillip A Sharp NIH.jpg | 菲利普·夏普 | 模板:USA | ||
1994年 | 文件:Alfred Goodman Gilman (cropped).jpg | 艾尔佛列·古曼·吉尔曼 | 模板:USA | “发现G蛋白及其在细胞中的信号转导作用” "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[91] |
文件:Rodbell, Martin (1925-1998).jpg | 马丁·罗德贝尔 | 模板:USA | ||
1995年 | 文件:Ed Lewis 1986.png | 爱德华·刘易斯 | 模板:USA | “发现早期胚胎发育中的遗传调控机理” "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[92] |
文件:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard mg 4383.jpg | 克里斯汀·纽斯林-沃尔哈德 | 模板:GER | ||
文件:Eric F. Wieschaus.jpg | 艾瑞克·威斯乔斯 | 模板:USA | ||
1996年 | 文件:Professor Peter C Doherty.jpg | 彼得·杜赫提 | 模板:AUS | “发现细胞介导的免疫防御特性” "for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"[93] |
文件:Rolf Zinkernagel Erudite Conclave medical college trivandrum.jpg | 罗夫·辛克纳吉 | 模板:SUI | ||
1997年 | 文件:Prusiner 1.JPG | 史坦利·布鲁希纳 | 模板:USA | “发现普里昂蛋白——传染的一种新的生物学原理” "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"[94] |
1998年 | 文件:Drfurchgott.jpg | 罗伯·佛契哥特 | 模板:USA | “发现在心血管系统中起信号分子作用的一氧化氮” "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[95] |
文件:Loius Ignarro.jpg | 刘易斯·伊格纳罗 | 模板:USA | ||
文件:Ferid Murad.jpg | 费瑞·慕拉德 | 模板:USA | ||
1999年 | 文件:Gunter Blobel 2008 1.JPG | 古特·布洛伯尔 | 模板:USA | “发现蛋白质具有内在信号以控制其在细胞内的传递和定位” "for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"[96] |
2000年 | 文件:Arvid Carlsson 2011a.jpg | 阿尔维德·卡尔森 | 模板:SWE | “发现神经系统中的信号传导” "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[97] |
文件:Paul Greengard.jpg | 保罗·格林加德 | 模板:USA | ||
文件:Eric Richard Kandel.jpg | 艾瑞克·坎德尔 | 模板:USA |
21世纪获奖者
2001年至今
注释
模板:NoteA. 这里的中文姓名是根据诺贝尔基金会的官方主页(nobelprize.org)提供英文名字的翻译,对于得奖者的原名或其他名字,可从该得奖者的条目中了解。华人或日本人姓名按中文和日文姓名习惯翻译。尽可能提供了每一位获奖者的照片;如果需要,可以到诺贝尔基金会的官方主页上查询每一位获奖者的照片。
模板:NoteB. 这里的国家信息是根据诺贝尔基金会的官方主页提供的信息列出,并不一定为得奖者真实的国籍或出生地。
模板:NoteC. 这里所引用的获奖理由是根据诺贝尔基金会的官方主页提供的英文原文翻译列出,英文原文被列于中文翻译之后以供查对。这一栏中的条目链接是与获奖者的获奖原因相关的研究领域与历史;这些链接这是作为指引和解释,需要了解每一位获奖者的具体工作,请由名字一栏中的链接到对应得奖者的条目中查看,或到诺贝尔基金会的官方主页中相关获奖者的页面中查看。
- 主要依据
- 模板:En"所有诺贝尔生理学或医学奖获得者". 诺贝尔基金会(Nobel Foundation). Archived from the original on 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - 模板:En"诺贝尔奖获得者". 大英百科全书. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
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- 具体引用
- ^ "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2013-06-22. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize Amounts". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-11-09. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2010-01-31. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Nobel Laureates Facts". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 2007-02-02. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2013-06-22. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "All Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 2017-10-07. Retrieved 2014-10-10.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-16. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-08-22. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-08-20. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-08-22. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-08-22. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-06. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-05-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-16. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-08-23. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-06-02. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-08-23. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ 23.0 23.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-08-23. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-22. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2012-01-27. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-08-22. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ 29.0 29.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-08-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-05-14. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-08-21. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2009-02-16. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1935". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-12. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-05-14. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1938". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2012-02-28. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ 40.0 40.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2012-02-28. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2009-02-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-08-21. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ 44.0 44.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-08-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-05-14. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ 46.0 46.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ 50.0 50.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-06-07. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ 55.0 55.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-06. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-08-19. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-15. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-16. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-12. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ 63.0 63.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-06. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2013-06-25. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-06-02. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-08-10. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-08-19. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-10. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ 74.0 74.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2009-03-07. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ 78.0 78.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2009-02-12. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-08-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-08-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-08-19. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2016-05-14. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-08-18. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2012-02-29. Retrieved 2007-10-08.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ 105.0 105.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2009-10-08. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2012-06-21. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ 108.0 108.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2011-10-03.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Ralph Steinman Remains Nobel Laureate". Nobel Foundation. 2011-10-03. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2011-10-04.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2012-10-09. Retrieved 2012-10-08.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2014-10-06.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ 113.0 113.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2015-10-05. Retrieved 2015-10-05.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2016-10-03. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2017-10-02. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2018-10-01. Retrieved 2018-10-01.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2019-07-09. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2020-10-05. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
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: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
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suggested) (help)
外部连结
参见
|